Monotropa Uniflora, Indian Pipe

Day 290: Monotropa uniflora is one of my favourite mycoheterotrophic plants. Okay, that's a hard call to make since I'm generally fascinated by all mycoheterotrophs, but there are a few which rise straight to the top of the list. Indian Pipe is one, for all of it being fairly common in PNW forests. It is relatively non-specific in its choice of fungal partner, growing where the mycorrhizae of several different Russula species occur. Other mycoheterotrophs are more selective, although that specificity does not necessarily mean that they are more rare; the rarity depends on the fungal associate, although conversely, an abundance of the fungus does not necessarily guarantee a similar abundance of the mycoheterotrophic plant. It's kinda like that old saying from the Depression era, "If we had ham, we'd have ham and eggs, if we had eggs." Or this one: "It takes two to tango."

Mycorrhizal Associations

Day 269: While exploring a new trail in Gifford Pinchot National Forest yesterday, I came across several very dense pockets of Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniflora). After a little hunting, I found its mycoheterotrophic ally, a species of Russula. Mycoheterotrophic plants depend on a fungal component in the soil to break down nutrients into a form they can utilize. Some mycoheterotrophic species are more selective than others and may ally with only one or two fungal species while others are content to partner with an entire family of fungi. This is one factor to consider when searching for mycoheterotrophic plants: "Fyrst finde ye an fungus..."

Indian Pipe, Monotropa Uniflora

Day 291: Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniflora) is usually only seen singly or in small clusters, but over the last two years, there has been an uptick in many of the mycoheterotrophic species found in the Pacific Northwest and large groupings are much more common. Earlier in the year, I found 20-30 stems of Candystick (Allotropa virgata) growing together, a highly unusual sight. In the area where I took this photo of Monotropa uniflora today, there were at least half a dozen clusters this size or larger as well as many smaller colonies. I suspect that our recent mild, damp winters are being enjoyed by the mycelia responsible for nourishing these plants, hence their sudden abundance.

Indian Pipe, Monotropa Uniflora

Day 268: Without a doubt, this year has been an exceptional one for botanizing. In the process of scouting out uncommon mycoheterotrophs and orchids earlier in the season, I discovered a number of colonies of Indian Pipe just starting to emerge through the forest duff, little buttons of white among the fall of needles and twigs. I've been watching them closely for six weeks or more, waiting for their ghostly pale "shepherd's crook" heads to lift and open. A solitary flower hides inside each shroud, a yellow eye, its glance downcast in demure grace.

Also called "Corpse Plant," Monotropa uniflora is not a common species, but neither is it rare. What is rare, however, is to see more than a few in any given area. Here, within the space of a few acres of hillside, there are dozens of colonies...dozens, perhaps even a hundred or more clusters have popped up, most showing 20-30 stems in a grouping. I have never seen them so lush! Is their abundance due to an increase in the fungal cooperator in this mycoheterotrophic relationship? I believe that may be a substantial contributing factor, based on my observation of other mycoheterotrophic species this year.